Children of Golden Bay
Story and photographs by Robin Robilliard

Hello. My name is Michael, and I am the youngest in our family.
We live in Golden Bay. It takes two hours to drive to Nelson, our nearest city, so I have only been twice.
Here is sally. She is my best friend. We do everything together when she isn't at school.
The holidays have begun. We have lots of games to play together.
Timothy is seven. He can think up wonderful adventures and games, but mostly he likes playing on his own. Sally and I wish 
Timothy would invent some game that needs three children to play.
"Where are you going?" I often ask Timothy when he climbs up the hills. "Just somewhere," he says.
Timothy is very good at climbing trees. He likes to be alone in the branches and watch the native birds.
When Timothy is tired, he rests on these supplejack vines. They make a swinging hammock in the cool shade.
Timothy likes being alone so much that he has a secret house in the top of the woolshed. He climbs up the rope to get in the trap 
door.
Once inside he pulls up the rope so that nobody else can follow.
One day we see smoke rising above some trees. We find Timothy cooking sausages. He is proud of his cooking and lets us have 
a sausage each.
At night-time, Timothy sleeps out in his tent all by himself. I wouldn't like to be in the bush at night when the opossums are 
about, but Timothy doesn't mind a bit.
Timothy belongs to the riding club. Here he is with the older children, listening to the instructor.
When Timothy was a little baby my father bought this sheep farm. It was covered in manuka, gorse and fern. Dad had to work 
very hard to clear the hills and get grass growing instead.
Sally likes dressing up best of all. She makes me put on some of Mummy's old clothes.
"How do you do, Mrs Grasshopper?" she says.
"I am very well, thank you," I reply. "And how is your baby today?"
Sometimes we dress up and have tea in Sally's hut.
"These scones are stale, Mrs Butterfly," I say.
"Well, next time you had better get the food yourself," Sally replies.
"Heck, Mrs Butterfly. Boys don't make cakes!"
This time we are dressing up in flowers. I am making Sally into a Petal Princess, while she decorates her dolls.
One day, Mummy washes our hair. Sally thinks I would look good with curls. She is putting some prickly roller things in my 
hair. I don't like it much.
One of our best games is with the dead branches of nikau palms. We put them on our backs and pretend to be dragons.
We have four milking cows on our farm. Timothy likes to milk by hand. He is always so proud of any milk he squeezes out, that 
he puts it in a separate jug. He uses it on his porridge.
This little calf is called Rosie. I am teaching it to drink from a bucket. I poke my fingers into its mouth and get it to suck them. 
Then it sucks up the milk.
When no-one is looking I pick up handfuls of frothy milk, and throw it on the wall.
We also give milk to the pigs. These pigs are six weeks old, and have just been brought from the sale. They live in this small 
paddock of fern, where they make nests and eat the fern roots. Dad made them a little house as pigs don't like the cold.
Shearing is the busiest time of the year. I help Dad bring in the sheep in the evening when it's cool. We put them in the woolshed 
for the night, to make sure they keep dry for shearing in the morning.
At five o'clock in the morning the shearers, Bruce and Trevor, come in their cars to do two hours' work before breakfast. 
Timothy is meant to be sweeping the loose wool off the board. You can see that he isn't properly awake yet.
"Hey, Tim," says Bruce, "stop dreaming."
Sally and I have found some left-overs from morning tea. We are sitting at the classing table. The wool is sorted in this. Mummy 
is kept very busy during shearing, baking and cooking big meals for the hard-working men.
Shearing is over, so the truck has come to collect the wool bales. Each bale is stamped with the name of our farm and its number. 
Our wool goes to Wellington to be sold.
Christmas is near and Mummy drives us into town and lets us do our shopping on our own. We spend a long time looking at the 
toys. "It doesn't hurt to look," says Timothy.
Sally tries out a lawn mower.
Sally buys Mummy some soap, while we buy Daddy some pliers from the tool shop.
All that shopping is very hard work, so we have a milkshake.
On Christmas Day, Father Christmas comes to see us in the garden. Timothy asks if he has received our letters.
"Yes, I did, thank you," says Father Christmas. "I am very sorry you can't have a cricket bat this year, Timothy. They cost four 
dollars, which is a lot of money."
Timothy looks sad.
We are picking the passion-fruit that grows wild in our bush. Now and then we can't help eating some too. We are going to send 
the fruit to Nelson to be sold. When we have saved enough money, we are going to buy Timothy a cricket bat.
We get a cent each time we find a nest of eggs. Sally is feeding the hens especially well. We hope they will lay lots of eggs in the 
bush and the barns.
We wade in a pool looking for tadpoles. Timothy will take them to school. Sally and I decide to look for gold.
We use a tin plate to do some panning for gold. If we find some gold in the creek, we will sell it to the bank.
"We would only need a little piece of gold to buy a cricket bat," says Sally.
It gets hot. We take off our clothes and swim in the creek.
One wet day we walk down the drive to collect the mail. Sally and I have umbrellas and the mail-bag. I have to wear Dad's 
gumboots as I can't find mine.
The mailman gives us a letter addressed to me. Sally reads it as we sit on the stand. It's from my friend, Sarah. She is coming to 
stay, and she is bringing her sisters, Gillian and Jessica.
It rains again but farmers don't mind getting wet. We are having great fun, playing on a clay bank.
On the last day of the holidays, Mummy takes us to the beach. We play with new friends. 
Timothy is big enough to sail our small yacht by himself.
School has started again. I am walking down the drive with Timothy and Sally. They are going to catch the bus.
I feel very sad as I watch them run down the road. The farm looks lonely as I walk back to the house by myself.
I go and look for my old tins to play with. My pet hen comes to talk.
How pleased I am when Dad asks me to help him take a mob of sheep up the back! He says he is very glad to have someone to 
help him. I am his head shepherd, he says.
When Timothy and Sally come home from school, we listen to the children's hour on the wireless. Next term I will have a 
schoolbag and ride on the bus.

CAPTAIN COOK DISCOVERS NEW ZEALAND

In October this year, it will be 200 years since the English seaman and explorer, Captain James Cook, first came to
New Zealand and claimed it as a British country.
At that time, most of the large countries of the world were already known. Christopher Columbus, sailing from Spain
in 1492 to reach India, had discovered America. The rest of the world knew a little bit about the lands that lie in the
northern half of the globe, but not much was known about the south. Ways of travel were slow. Ships used sails and
were driven by the wind, and it took something like two to three years to sail around the world.
Countries in Europe were eager to find new lands, for in them there were many precious things - spices, gold, precious stones, 
even new crops and foods - which were good for trade. And not much was known about the Pacific Ocean. It was thought that 
the southern half of the world might have as much land in it as the northern half, and many explorers
went looking for what was called the unknown continent.
Captain Cook, in his ship Endeavour, was sent into the South Seas, as the Pacific Ocean was called, with a number
of scientific men. They were first to go to Tahiti to study the stars, for men of science were beginning to learn that a
lot could be told about the world by studying stars. When they had done that work, they were then to sail south to try and find out 
if there was an unknown continent.
Captain Cook kept a log book and a journal, which is why, even 200 years later, we know so much about his voyage. 
It was at 2 p.m. on Saturday, 7 October, that one of the ship's boys, Nicholas Young, watching at the masthead, saw the land that 
later was to be known as New Zealand. The high cliff which he first saw was named Young Nick's Head by Captain Cook, to 
show that Nicholas Young had first sighted it.
They could see several canoes in the bay ahead of the, but the weather was too rough for the Endeavour to get very close to the 
shore before Monday, 9 October. They anchored near the mouth of a small river.

This painting by M. T. Clayton was done in 1905 to give the artist's idea of the Endeavour sailing into Poverty Bay for the first 
time.

James Parkinson, an artist on the Endeavour, made these drawings of Young Nick's Head near Gisborne, when the ship first 
sighted New Zealand.

This is a photograph of Captain Cook's journal which shows his own handwriting and some of his strange spelling.

Cook wrote in his diary: "The land on the sea coast is high with white steep clifts, and back inland are very high mountains." The 
Maoris, whom he saw on the shore and in their canoes, Cook called "Indians". When they first went ashore, Cook and his men 
could not get very close to these "Indians", but later, in a scuffle, a musket, was fired and one of the natives was killed.
Cook found it hard to make friends with the Maoris at that place. He wanted 
to go ashore to get fresh water for the
ship's water-barrels, and fresh green food for his men after their long 
spell at sea. But after a couple of days, he
decided to move on to other parts where the natives might be more friendly. 
Because he could not get water and food
at that place, he called it Poverty Bay - which means poor.
Today, we know that Poverty Bay was not as well-named as some of the other 
places Cook visited, for it is one of the
richest parts of New Zealand, growing food which is canned, or frozen, and then sold all over the world.
Near the city of Gisborne, a memorial has been built on the spot where Captain Cook first landed and raised the British flag.
There will be more stories about Captain Cook's visit to New Zealand in other School journals this year.

This is the Captain Cook Memorial, at Gisborne, on the spot where Cook first set foot on New Zealand soil, and claimed the 
country for King George III of England. The men by the memorial are members of the Historic Places Trust Board who take care 
of important places in our country.

WHAT CAPTAIN COOK FOUND IN NEW ZEALAND

Captain Cook was much more than a sailor or
explorer. He was also interested in the plants, the
people, and the animal life of the places he visited,
and made notes about the things he saw. In New
Zealand he saw many new things which interested
him. He made notes about them which have been
of great use to us, 200 years later, in helping us to
understand what the Maori people, and the
country, were like in 1769.
Maori war canoes were among the things that
interested Cook. Some, on the East Coast, were
even longer than his own ship, Endeavour.. They
were cut from the trunk of a single huge tree.
"Their large canoes are I believe built wholly for war and will carry from 40 to 80 or 100 men with 
their arms," he wrote
in his journal. He measured one on the shore at Tolaga Bay. It was 68 ½ feet long, 5 feet wide, and 3 ½ feet deep. Ifyou measure 
that space out on the playground at your school you will get some idea of how many men it 
would carry.
All of the work of hollowing out these canoes, and of carving and decorating them, was done with 
axes and tools
made from hard black stone, and smaller tools were made from bone.
They had few musical instruments, said Cook: only about two or three kinds of trumpet and a pipe or 
whistle.
"In most of their dances they appear like Mad men, jumping and stamping with their feet," Cook wrote.
Their songs were harmonious enough - but sounded rather dull to Europeans because they were mainly 
chants using
only a few notes of the scale.
When a member of a Maori family died, to show their grief, loved ones and relatives would cut and 
slash themselves
around the arms and shoulders with sharp rocks.
Cook did not seem to think the Maoris were troubled very much about religion. It seemed to him that though they had many 
gods, the greatest of them was called "Tawney". This was not a bad guess for a man who had not heard Maori sounds before. The 
god's name was Tane.
Because the Maoris pronounced some of their sounds differently from the sounds in the English language, it was difficult for 
Cook and his men to write down exactly the words the Maoris used. All the same, they tried it. And Cook was able to return to 
England with the first list of Maori words that had ever been made. Here are 
some of the words on his list:
English
Woman Man Chief Nose Mouth Sweet potatoes Birds The Wind Trees
Cook's spelling
Ivahino Taata Eareete Ahewh Hangoutou Cumula Mannu Mehow Oratou
Present spelling
Wahine Tangata He ariki ihu he ngutu Kumara manu te hau (he) rakau

Captain Cook also found out a lot about what the Maoris ate and how they prepared their food.
One of the things he found out was that, apart from native dogs, there were no large land animals in 
New Zealand.
When they went hunting, the Maoris used to hunt mainly for birds or fish in the rivers if they wanted 
meat. On one
voyage, Cook brought some pigs which he let loose on the East Coast, and told the Maoris not to hunt 
them too
soon. This would give the pigs time in which to multiply.
That is how wild pigs came to live in the back-country of New Zealand. To this day, hunters who go 
out shooting wild
pigs call them "Captain Cookers".

COOK'S SHIP "ENDEAVOUR"

Captain Cook's ship, the Endeavour, was three years and nine months old when the Admiralty bought it for its famous voyage 
into the Pacific. Before refitting it, and changing the inside cabins to make room for the extra people and food it would have to 
carry, the Admiralty decided to change its name. The ship, till then, was called the Earl of Pembroke, and had been built at 
Whitby by the firm of Fishburn.
The Endeavour was a square-stern barque. It was 106 feet long, and 29 feet three inches across at the 
widest part.
The Admiralty paid £2,307 for her (or $4,614) which is about as much as we would pay for a small house in New Zealand today.
The Endeavour had six four-pound carriage guns on the gun deck, and eight swivel guns.
The Endeavour was meant to have a crew of about 70, but this number had grown to 85 by the time the 
ship left England. Apart from them, there were the scientists and their party all to be got
safely aboard. Joseph Banks had eight helpers; there was also Dr Solander, who knew a lot about plant 
life, and Sydney Parkinson, the artist.
It was thought that the voyage into the Pacific, and back around the world, might take two years. But 
the Endeavour was away for three years.
The holds, and every usable space, were filled with casks of salt beef, bread and other foodstuffs, 
gallons of spirits, cables, anchors, and all manner of things that might be needed for repairs.
After his voyages into the South Seas, Captain Cook became known as "the Columbus of the Pacific". Writers have also called 
him "the greatest explorer of his age", and "the greatest English sea explorer of any age".

This painting of the Endeavour is by L. Crashaw.

MAKING YOUR OWN POEMS
Many children, and older people too, like to write poems when they feel 
strongly about something or get excited by things. Even quite young children have written poems which are so good that people 
have printed them in books.
Perhaps, if you have tried to write poems, you would like to know a 
little more about some of the things that are used
in poetry.
Hundreds of years ago, before man had learned to write down the things he 
said and thought, most learning was done
by either drawing, or listening to someone talk, or by being shown how to 
do things. Story-telling was the chief way of
giving lessons about families, where they had come from, and what had 
happened to their great men and ancestors.
Some men were more clever at using words than others, and they found that 
by using word tricks they often helped
story-tellers to remember the tales they told around the campfires at 
night.
Some of these tricks were kinds of musical
tricks. Storytellers found that words used in certain ways made kinds of 
music, and this made them easier to remember.
If you look at James K. Baxter's poem, "The Rooster", in this issue, you 
will see, nearly at the end of the poem, these two lines:
"The rooster will eat nothing Till all his hens are fed."
If you say these lines out loud as the poet wrote them, you will notice 
they have what is called a "beat". That is, they
have a sound that goes on rather like a drum beating as you say them:
The ROOster WILL eat NOthing Till ALL his HENS are FED.
The words, and the parts of the words I have printed in big letters, are a 
little louder in sound than the others. This is
word music - and it is made because the words are put together in such a way 
that they MAKE you say them that
way.
If Mr Baxter had written his fines like this: "The rooster won't eat a 
thing until the hens have had theirs", do you think
it would still be a poem? Do you think it would be so easy to remember ? Do 
you think it would matter so much if you
read that line and changed the words around a bit more? Try, "The rooster 
won't eat his dinner until the hens have eaten theirs". Is it any better ? One of the other tricks poets use to make their 
words easy to remember is called rhyme. This means that at the ends of lines (or sometimes in
the middle) you will find words that have the same sounds as each other. This makes them stand out so 
that your ear picks them up easily.
If you look at Mr Baxter's poem, "Jack Frost", you will find he has written:
"Look out, look out. Jack Frost's about." "Out" and "about" have the same sound as each other. They 
are said to "chime". They are rhyming words. Most nursery rhymes are so easy to
remember because they have strong rhymes:
Cobbler, cobbler, mend my shoe, Get it done by half-past-two; Stitch it up and stitch it down And 
we'll go walking round the town.
What are the rhyming words in that short poem? Here's a list of words. Write down, in pairs, opposite each other, the words that 
rhyme:
give, break, shove, clothes, leaves, love, have, live, steak, meat,
possible, well, feet, snatch, bones, sleeves, match, stones, brave, woven.
See if you can find rhyming words for these: march, splash, parrot, penny, gold, pound, flea, borrow. 
Some words are hard to find rhymes for.
Poems do not need to have rhymes in them. The most important thing to have in a poem is real, strong 
feeling. This makes the words mean a lot more.
Here's a short poem written by Angeline, a girl at Lincoln Heights School, Auckland. It has no rhymes.
CICADAS
Their nice larvae shells peel away. Have they been eaten by birds ?
And here's another by G. Lupton from the same school.
THE SHADOW It followed me to the shade then disappeared.
Poems of this kind are called Haiku. They were first thought of by the Japanese. Every Japanese who 
has been to school thinks it is a good thing to try and write haiku. It shows he has been
educated, can think, and can describe what he sees in the world about him. Most haiku are like little 
pictures made up with words instead of paint. They try to show you something the poet has seen.
THE FLOWER
The flower is awakened by the tormenting wind.
This is a very simple little poem, but the use of that quite hard word, 
tormenting, is very good. It seems just right.
Think about it and you may get some idea out of that poem how it might 
feel to be a spring flower.
Sometimes the way words are used together can make different kinds of 
music. You can easily tell what kind of
music this poet wanted to make when he wrote this poem, called "The 
King's High Drummer".
He was Bang-bang-banging on his Big Bass Drum, And the regiment went 
marching to his Thrum-thrum-thrum. They
came marching up the garden with their Firm hard tread, A line of British 
soldiers with a Drummer at their head.
The words used here have hard sounds. Bang, drum, hard, tread: they are 
all short and sharp. Words with softer
sounds would not have been nearly so much like the sound of drumming.
What sort of rhythm is shown in this poem? To market, to market, A-gallop, 
a-trot, To buy some good mutton To put
in a pot.
Do you think it would be right to use a drumming or galloping rhythm for a 
lullaby?
Here is a rhyme with slower, lower sounding words. What sort of action goes 
with it ? High and low, Fast and slow--
That is the way The swing-boats go.
Try to imagine what sort of words and sounds you might use to write about: 
a clock; the milkman; a river in flood; a
high wind; hens; a cat stalking a bird. You might even finish up writing a 
poem about one of these things.
Sometimes poets can get extra fun out of the words they use. Here's a poem 
called, "The Hungry Hunter":
There was a hungry hunter Went hunting for a hare, But where he hoped the 
hare would be He found a hairy bear!
"I'm very very hungry: 
I get hungry now and then." The hunter turned head-over-heels
And hurried home again. 
 The words "hare", and "hairy", are almost the same, but there's a little extra fun to be had out of  thinking about a hunter who 
went looking for a  "hare" and found a hairy-bear. Here's another amusing rhyme about a bear.
 Algie met a bear. 
 The bear was bulgy. 
 The bulge was Algie. 
What do you think happened there? 
 Here are some more poems written by New Zealand school children:
TELEPHONE WIRES 
 In the far away distance
I can hear the telephone wires Singing in churches 
 Like pakehas. 
 What kind of a person do you think wrote that one ? 
 NOISES 
 As I sit in the feet-shuffling classroom 
I hear the cicadas singing. But as I lie in bed at night I hear the crawling crickets crying.
BABY BIRDS
Baby birds open their beaks
Like open buckets;
The buckets waiting for water
And the baby birds for worms.
GIRLS 
Girls running around
In the wind
Skirts rise
Like turkey's tails
GUM TREE
The gum trees rattle like tambourines Till the skin has come off.
These last five poems are taken from a book by a teacher, Mr Elwyn Richardson, which is called "In the Early World". They 
were written by children he used to teach in a little school north of Auckland. You will see that in each of them, the person 
writing the poem has either had very strong feelings about what he has seen - or has seen it often in an unusual way. Very often, 
trying to find the right words to describe something makes you look at it more closely. You start to think of things in ways you 
might not have thought of 
before. When this happens, you should try
writing it down.
Although all sorts of word and sound tricks can be used to help write 
poems, the important thing is how well you feel
what you are writing about.

Captain Cook Looks for Water

Having had no luck in trying to trade with the Maoris in Poverty Bay, Captain Cook decided to sail 
south along the
east coast of the North Island. He had been a long time at sea, and the Endeavour was badly in need 
of fresh water.
In the old sailing ships, which took a long time to cross the large oceans, it was always difficult 
to keep up supplies
of water and fresh food.
On long voyages, water, which was kept in barrels, often became slimy and developed bugs. And if men 
go for too
long without fresh food, they may become sick. Sailors in those days fed mainly on biscuits, bread, 
and salted meat
which was kept pickled in barrels of brine. Wherever he went, Captain Cook used to send his men 
ashore to collect
fruit and vegetables. The east coast of New Zealand provided him with plenty of wild celery, which 
was fed to the men.
Cook also made them drink lime-juice.
After three years at sea, the Endeavour returned to England without having lost one man through scurvy - the sickness
that sailors got through not having fresh food. 

Cape Kidnappers is famous as a place where gannets breed. In the middle of the picture you can see the birds packed together in 
their nesting place. Imagine the Endeavour sailing off the coast 200 years ago.

This, in those days, was considered quite wonderful, and after that other captains did as Cook had done in feeding his men 
properly.
In search of fresh water, Cook sailed the Endeavour south, along the coast of Hawke's Bay, past where 
the city of
Napier now stands, to Cape Kidnappers. Cook gave Cape Kidnappers its name, and if you want to know 
why, you
can read about it in this year's School Journal, Part One, Number 2.
He rounded the Cape, and sailed down the east coast, which, as he went south, he found barren and forbidding. When he reached 
another large cape, he decided to turn about and go back the way he had come, for they had still found no sign of fresh water. He 
named this part of the country Cape Turnagain, and sailed back north, past
Poverty Bay.
Then the weather became calmer and over the next few days, in some of the 
beautiful little bays north of Gisborne,
fresh water and wood was found quite close to the beach. Landing parties 
were sent ashore at both Tolaga Bay and
Anaura Bay.
To get to Anaura Bay today, you must travel by car over a rough country 
road that joins the main highway. Suddenly the bay opens up before you, with its islands in the middle, and just by the beach, 
near a clump of trees, stands the
Anaura Bay School.
On the beach in front of the school is a small monument. A brass plate on 
it reads: "Anaura Bay. In this bay Captain
James Cook anchored and watered his ship, HMS Endeavour, 20-22 October 
1769.
You can tell that the people of Anaura Bay are proud of having a link 
with New Zealand's early history.

Looking from the top of the road down into Anaura Bay. Below is the Anaura Bay memorial, and behind it you can see the 
school.

"Captain Cook" - a secondary school boy from the Anaura Bay district - comes 
ashore from Endeavour's longboat on the day Anaura Bay children acted out Cook's first landing back in 1769.

"Cook" and friendly Maori chiefs watch (above) as Maori maidens perform their dances.

A few years ago, the children of the Anaura Bay School decided to work on a rather different kind of school project. They 
decided to act the landing of Captain Cook,
in 1769, and to invite the people of the district to watch.
A high school boy was picked to play the part of Captain Cook and special 
clothes were made for him. A rowboat
was borrowed to serve as the Endeavour's longboat from which he landed. The 
Maori children at the school wore
Maori costume and did welcoming dances and hakas - and a meal
was provided for visitors. The photographs of the project were taken by Mr 
John Pascoe for the Historic Places Trust Board, who lent them to the School Journal.

Captain Cook named a great many parts of New Zealand on that first visit, 
and some of the names he chose are still used today.
Hawke's Bay was named after Sir Edward Hawke, First Lord of the Admiralty.
We have already told how Cape Kidnappers, Cape Turnagain, Poverty Bay and 
Young Nick's Head got their names.
Hicks Bay was named after Lieutenant Hicks of the Endeavour, because he was 
first to see it.

The East Coast has some of the loveliest sandy beaches in New Zealand, but 
other parts of it are rocky, barren and forbidding, like the one right. Maori farmers are droving their sheep along the shore after 
shearing. When Cook first came to New Zealand, dogs were the largest animals they found. The Maoris ate fish and birds for 
meat.

Cape Runaway was named because here a big canoe full of armed warriors came out to threaten the 
Endeavour with
their spears. Cook had one of the ship's cannons fired over the Maoris' heads. They turned their 
canoe and ran away
back to the beach as fast as they could paddle.
Mount Edgecumbe was named after John Edgecumbe, sergeant of the marines on Endeavour.
The Thames district got its name because the river there reminded Cook of the river of the same name 
in England.
White Island, covered with sulphur ash and with smoke and cloud around it, was also named by Cook.
Bay of Plenty got its name because there the Maoris were friendly and Cook was able to get all the fresh food and water he 
needed.
Mount Egmont and Cape Egmont were named after the Earl of Egmont, an important man in England.
It's easy enough to guess why Cook gave some of the other places their names: Bay of Islands, Sandy 
Bay, Mount
Camel and Bare Island.
Kapiti Island was named Entry Island by Cook because to him it stood at the entrance to Cook Strait.

The Breakfast Table

What did you have for breakfast this morning? If you drew a breakfast 
table, how many things could you remember to put on it ? There might be bread and butter, or toast. Perhaps there was 
marmalade or honey or something else to spread on bread. Milk to drink, pepper, salt, and sugar; you might have had an egg, or a 
piece of bacon. There was tea or coffee, perhaps, for mother and father - and, of course, cups, 
saucers, plates, knives, forks, and spoons.
All of these things on your table mean that perhaps hundreds of people 
worked to help you have your breakfast this
morning. Draw your own breakfast table and show how well you remember the 
many things that were on it.
Mother probably made the breakfast for you, and father worked to pay for 
the food. But where did it all come from ?
Let's find out about some of the things on your table. Perhaps we could 
start with the glass of milk. The farmer had to
get up early in the morning to make sure your glass was full. When the cows 
were milked, the milk had to be picked
up from cans or a vat, where it was kept cool, by a tanker or a truck. Then 
it went to the factory, or a milk supply
depot. Here, factory workers purified it, if the milk was going to a town 
milk supply. But some of the factories make
cheese or butter from the morning's milking.
If you had porridge or other cereals - which is the name given to things 
like wheat flakes - they come from farms too. But even the farmer didn't do it all on his own. He bought his seed from the grain 
merchant, and he had to plough the land
to plant the grain in. For this he needed a tractor - and to make the tractor go he had to buy petrol. He had to have other 
farmhands in to help him harvest the grain when it was ripe. Then it was sent to a mill, where more workers had to take off the 
outside husks, and grind the wheat into flour and other things used for making breakfast foods and bread.
Eggs and bacon came from farms too. What sort of farms do they come from?
More carriers and trucks, and sometimes trains, were used to get all these 
things from the farms to the factories, and
then back from the factories to the shops where your mother bought them. 
Fruit farmers grew the fruit from which
jams and marmalade are made, and again, these had to be taken to places by 
men in trucks. Beekeepers, wearing
nets over their heads and hands so they
wouldn't get stung, worked hard to get honey from the hives.
Some of the things on your breakfast table had to travel by ship to get 
there. Tea comes from Ceylon or India; coffee
is grown in South Africa and South America, and pepper also comes from 
countries with hot climates. So even the sailors helped you to have breakfast this morning.
The knives, forks, and spoons on your table probably came from other 
countries too. Miners got iron ore out of the
mountains, which was melted down to make steel. Cups, saucers, and plates 
were made from clay in pottery works.
These, too, could have come from other countries, though a lot of crockery is now made in New Zealand.
Once again, these things had to be carted about
in trucks and loaded on to ships by wharf workers
and crane-drivers.
And if you had a cooked breakfast, your mother
had to turn on either gas or electricity to do the
cooking. And hundreds more workers are needed
to make gas and electricity.
Just think back over all the people who helped
you to have your breakfast. I'm sure we must have
missed some. Can you think of anybody we over-looked and put them into your own drawing?

About Frogs

Frogs are among the most curious of living creatures. They begin as an egg, they turn into a kind of fish, and when they are fully 
grown, they become an animal that can live on the land or in the water. This kind of 
animal is called an
amphibian.
Frog's eggs, or spawn, form a jelly-like mass that
you can often see floating on ponds. The eggs hatch out into tadpoles. When they are first hatched, 
tadpoles breathe
through little gills on each side of their necks. These gills are covered by skin as the tadpole 
grows, and leave a
breathing spout on the left side only.
Soon the tadpole starts to grow front legs, and at the same time he begins to dart up to the surface 
of the pond to
gulp down mouthfuls of air. He is beginning to develop lungs for breathing instead of the gills - which are what fish use for 
breathing.
Grown frogs breathe through lungs and through tiny holes (or pores) in their skin. They like to keep
their skins damp because this helps the pores to stay open and take in air. Frogs die if they get too dry. The tadpole feeds on 
small water plants, but when it turns into a frog, it eats insects and animal matter.
For a while, the tadpole gives up eating even vegetable juices, and its tail begins to shrink as its back legs grow. The tail contains 
food that the
tadpole takes into its body, making the tail shrink. 
 Tadpoles are dark in colour because this helps them to hide in the muddy ponds where they live. Frogs can change colour to 
make them more
difficult to see when they are sitting on leaves or
moving through grass or water.
 It takes a frog about half-an-hour to change
colour, though, so he can't always be sure he's
hidden from his enemies.

Captain Cook at Mercury Bay

After sailing up and down the East Coast, naming many parts, making maps, 
and taking on water, fish, and fresh
vegetables wherever they could be had, Captain Cook continued to sail the 
Endeavour north along the coast. He
guessed, rightly, that East Cape would be the most easterly part of the new 
land, and gave it its name.
Then he sailed west again round the Bay of Plenty, looking for a good 
position from which to study the planet
Mercury. When this was found, instruments were set up to make the study, 
and trade with the Maoris went on for
several days.  Cook noticed that there were a number of fortified pas in 
the neighbourhood, and he described some
of them in his journal. But he made a few notes on one of them which caught 
the attention of his artist, Sidney
Parkinson, and of Mr Joseph Banks.

Sidney Parkinson's drawing of the pa on the Mercury Bay arched rock, and 
(below) a present-day photo of the same site from the other side.

Parkinson drew this pa, which stood on the top of a hollow rock, and Banks, in his journal, wrote: "a small one, the most 
beautiful romantick thing I ever saw".
It was about 20 feet high, and sea water ran right through the hollowed 
rock.
One of the things Cook most liked about Mercury Bay was that he was able 
to get a large supply of fresh rock
oysters from the river which ran into the bay.
The number of forts led him to believe the Maoris were a warlike people, 
and he thought that some of the pas were
very well built to withstand enemy attack. Most of the Maoris were 
tattooed, and wore the usual flax clothing, also
using skins and feathers, for decoration.
There was a lot of ironsand along the coast, but nobody had learned to 
make iron weapons or tools. Nor had they
thought of making bows and arrows. Their weapons were mainly spears, 
darts and clubs of different sizes.
In the past 200 years, the Maoris of New Zealand have become a very different people, since Europeans settled in their country. 
They may be farmers, builders, drivers, lawyers, doctors, soldiers, teachers – in fact, in almost any job you can think of.

Waipiro Bay, on the East Coast, was one of the beautiful bays admired from 
the deck of the Endeavour, and Hicks Bay (below), was named after the second in command of the ship.

Maoris at Dusky Bay, from a drawing made on one of Captain Cook's voyages. At left, a well-known Maori TV and radio 
announcer, Marama Martin, and (below) the well-known Maori artist, Selwyn Muru, at work on a mural.

Carved Maori houses were much admired by Cook. Above is one of the oldest on the East Coast, being visited by members of 
the National Historic Places Trust. This meeting house, at Manutuke, was built about 1883.

Man and his Clothes

Few living things are as helpless and unprotected as the human being when 
it is first born. It does not take long for
most animals to be able to go and hunt their own food. But a baby must be 
supplied with its food for a long time. Left
alone, it would not know how to start looking for food, or what to eat.
 Animals, too, are better protected against the weather than a new-born 
baby. Animal babies usually have fur or
something to protect them. In a very short time, they are able to do most 
of the things they will do when they're fully
grown. A human baby doesn't even look a great deal like what it will be 
when fully grown. It will have to learn to hold
things, to crawl, to walk, to speak, and to dress itself. And before all 
that can happen, others will have to clothe and
look after it to keep it warm and alive.
There are three main reasons why human beings need clothes. The first is 
protection against the weather, and,
sometimes, against enemies.
The second is for reasons of decoration. People always like to look well to 
others. They choose colours to make them look their best. They decorate and ornament their bodies with what they wear so 
they will gain attention, or even wear clothes that don't suit
them because they are "in fashion".
The third reason for wearing clothes is modesty - to cover the body from view. Many people do not 
believe it is right to show too much of the human body, so they
cover it up.
The way these three reasons work in different parts of the world tells you a lot about people, and 
the part of the world they come from.
The first clothes worn by human beings were the skins of animals. The skins were roughly sewn 
together with thin strips of the animal's hide, or with sinews drawn
from animal bodies. Skins are very warm, and give good cover against wind, rain and snow when worn 
with the fur or wool side turned outwards. Clothes made of
skins are
still worn in cold climates such as in North China, Russia, North Canada, and Greenland. In hot 
countries, on the other hand, few clothes are needed. In Africa, young
children run around naked because of the heat, and even when they are older, they often only wear a loin cloth, or, in the case of 
girls, a long piece of cloth wrapped
around the body.
People in the hot countries, who do not wear
many clothes, are very often the ones who
decorate their bodies. Special kinds of paints,
vegetable juices and dyes, mixed with mud or
ash, are rubbed on the body. Sometimes paints
were used to make them look fierce in battle. At
other times they were used when the warriors went
hunting. Special kinds of paint were thought to be
magical, and to bring good luck to the hunters.
Paint is often used by these people to decorate
themselves for dancing and for festivals. And at
those times, the women dress themselves in leaves
and flowers. Warriors and hunters in such countries also make big shields to protect themselves.
When hunting big animals, like lions, something
is needed to guard the hunter from sharp claws,
especially when the hunter wears very few
clothes.
In other hot countries, like Arabia, the clothes
worn are very light and flowing. They are also
light-coloured. These sorts of clothes keep out the
heat, and at the same time keep air flowing about
the body. Because these people live in deserts, where there are often wind storms, they need clothing to protect them against 
flying sand, but
the clothing must not be too heavy because of the
heat.
Workers in some factories need special protective clothing for the jobs they do. Men who use welding torches have to wear 
special face masks or
else the bright light of the welding torch would
hurt their eyes. Miners and tunnellers, road-workers and builders often wear special helmets.
They also wear special light plastic coats to keep
off rain and water.
Some clothes are worn to show that their wearers belong to special groups of people. This kind of 
clothing is called a
uniform. Soldiers belonging to one army usually wear clothes of a different colour from those of the 
army they are
fighting. Can you think why? Boy scouts, guides, and other groups and clubs wear uniforms to show they
belong to their groups.
Policemen, traffic officers, nurses. postmen. and bus drivers are among other groups who wear uniforms. Can you think of some 
reasons why they do ?
Very often, clothes have been made to help the wearers in the climates and places where they live. 
American
cowboys used to wear hats with big brims because they were useful in all weather. They shaded the 
face in hot
weather, and kept off the rain in storms.
It was not until the last two hundred years that children began to have special clothes made for them 
in most
European countries. Before that, children's clothes were just small copies of what the adults wore.
Clothing became lighter and more colourful after man learned to make fibres from such plants as flax, 
or from wool, and to weave the fibres together.
Rich people have always been able to show their wealth by the clothes they wore, and fashion has changed a great deal over the 
centuries.
Before buttons and button holes were thought of, clothes were held in place with cords, or with 
clasps and brooches.
The first buttons were probably very like the wooden toggles on modern duffle coats. The toggle part fitted through a loop 
of leather or
material fixed on to the edge of the garment.
Lightness of clothing material has always been admired, because light clothing is easier to move 
about in. There are
times, of course, when heavy clothing is necessary. In the days of knighthood, when men fought with 
axes, lances,
swords and iron-studded clubs, they protected themselves with heavy armour made from iron.
Even in countries that had not discovered how to use iron, armour was made with heavy materials that would not be of much use 
for everyday wear. Some warriors in the Pacific Islands made heavy 
armour out of
plaited coconut matting to wear when they went to battle.
Clothes sometimes tell you about the work people do. Look at the clothes these people wear, and see 
if you can tell
what they do.
Perhaps you could make a collection of pictures of people of different times and places and put them 
into a scrapbook.
 You might be able to find out a lot about how the clothes are made, what they are made of, and what 
kind of climate
and country they belong to.

Captain Cook and the New Zealand Coast

In the early days following Captain Cook's discovery of New Zealand, the 
coastline was the most important and best-known part of the country. It was not until men started to look at New 
Zealand as a place to live in that they started to
find out very much about it, or to become very interested in what the 
inland parts were like. Since then, the
importance of the inland places has grown, and the whole way of life in 
New Zealand has changed.
For instance, in 1769, one of the most lived-in parts of New Zealand was 
the East Coast of the North Island, north of
Gisborne and Poverty Bay. For the Maori at that time, the beautiful 
little bays of that area, the good weather, and the
warm water, gave him most of what he needed to live a happy village life. 
He could grow what crops he liked, fish in the sea and rivers, and hunt for birds in the forests that covered the 
hillsides. But today, the population of some parts
of the East Coast is getting less each year. People are leaving the area 
to get work in the cities. Because the country
now depends upon roads, railways and airways to get things from one
place to another, and because ships are too slow
on our coasts, coastal places are no longer so
important.  
In Cook's time, good harbours and bays, watering places, and good forests 
from which to get wood, were very
important.
One of the places most often visited by Cook on his three voyages to New 
Zealand, was Queen Charlotte Sound, in Marlborough. 

The deep waters of Queen Charlotte Sound allow even today's big ocean-going vessels to sail into it. In the distance the inter-
island ferry is leaving for Wellington.

This picture, from Cook's last voyage, shows his ships, Discovery and Resolution, in Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island.

The waters here are very deep right up to the beaches. You can see why this mattered 
if you look at School Journal Part One,
Number Four, for this year. The Sounds are made up of a number of large, 
deep inlets, which go a long way inland,
giving plenty of shelter from storms and winds from the sea. A memorial now 
stands in Queen Charlotte Sound to
show where Cook often landed to repair and water his ships.
The famous botanist Sir Joseph Banks, and his staff, were able to study a 
great number of plants and birds which
were quite new to them in the bush- covered hills of the Sounds.

Sir Joseph Banks, famous botanist, who travelled with Captain Cook and studied New Zealand's plant and bird life.

They made many drawings of New Zealand plants, and wrote about them as well.
Captain Cook's voyages were famous because of the few men he lost on them through disease. Sea 
voyages were
long - two  or three years at a time
and because of the poor food sailors had to eat, many of them became ill, and many died. Because of 
this, not many
men were willing to become sailors. It was thought to be much safer to stay at home-though in those 
days there were
also many diseases to be caught in an English town. Doctors did not know as much as they do today 
about curing
illnesses.
However, the navy had to get enough men to take its ships to sea, and often a group of sailors or 
soldiers, with an
officer, would walk around English ports at night picking up able-bodied young men at inns, or on the 
streets. The
group under the officer was known as the "Press Gang". Whenever they picked up someone, he was 
"pressed" into
service with the navy, and taken on a voyage whether he-wanted to go or not.
This often meant that the men picked up were drunks off the street, thieves, and the very lowest type 
of men. Such
sailors must have often given the people in new lands a very bad idea of what the
white man was like. Today's navy is made up of men who want to be sailors. They wear the same uniform 
and are
very proud of the service they belong to.
Cook treated his men much more kindly than did many captains of his day, and many of those who sailed 
under him
volunteered to go with him again on other voyages.
Captain Cook made three great voyages into the Pacific. He was killed by unfriendly natives in Hawaii on the third voyage in 
1779. The last of our pictures shows a drawing of the death of Captain Cook, who is still thought of as the greatest of English 
sailors.

Earthquakes

Have you ever felt an earthquake? They can be frightening - as you'll know 
from having read about Dennis's adventure
when he crawled under the house to look for the red hen. Dennis was, in 
fact, in quite a safe place. Wooden houses
stretch and sway in earthquakes and do not easily fall over. Stiff 
materials like bricks and concrete are much more
likely to crack, and have to be specially strengthened when used for 
buildings. That is why chimneys in wooden
houses often come down during earthquakes.
If an earthquake happens when you're inside, one of the safest places to 
stand is in an open doorway. The thick piece
of wood above the top of the door will stop anything from falling on your 
head.
The important thing to remember is not to panic. Don't get frightened and 
go rushing outside. Then you might run into
bricks falling from a chimney, or falling telephone wires.
There have been some very serious earthquakes in New Zealand.
On 17 June 1929, there was a bad earthquake at
the town of Murchison, on the West Coast of the South Island. Ten people 
out of the 300 who lived in Murchison were
killed. Paddocks were wrinkled and furrowed by the movements of the earth, 
and landslides blocked rivers, causing
floods. Roads and bridges were destroyed.
The worst earthquake in New Zealand happened in 1931. Much of the towns of 
Napier and Hastings was destroyed.
Parts of the land were lifted right out of the sea. 

Hastings Street, Napier, after the earthquake.

The present Napier Bluff - a large hill near the coast - was almost an island at that time. As the land rose, the water behind this 
hill ran back into the sea. Today there are roads and houses where the tide used to come in. The water at Port Ahuriri, on 
the Napier
coast, was once deep enough for quite big ships to come into the wharf. Now, if you stand on the 
wharf, you will see
that there is only two or three feet of water in it.
There were 256 people killed in the Napier earthquake, and so many buildings and houses were wrecked 
that it cost
millions of dollars to put everything right again.
Last year, there were bad earthquakes on the West Coast again. This time they were worst at the 
little township of
Inangahua. Fortunately, this is a very small town. Had that earthquake happened in one of our bigger 
cities, there
would have been a terrible amount of damage.
As it was, a large slip blocked the nearby river and threatened to flood places downstream when the 
water finally broke through the slip. Roads were broken, telegraph poles knocked over, and in a couple of places, 
houses were
swept away by landslides.
All schools have earthquake drill every now and again so that both pupils and teachers will know what to do when the time 
arrives. Your teacher will tell you what you should do during an earthquake.

A 1,400 ft hill collapsed at Inangahua. It carried a house across the road and left it smashed. Other buildings escaped the torrent 
of rocks.

Have You Ever Been to a Rodeo?

A rodeo is a cowboy sports meeting. Rodeos were first held in America 
when cowboys used to get together to hold
competitions to see who was the best and fastest at doing a number of 
things they had to do in their day's work.
Sometimes rodeos are held in New Zealand, and one of our photographers, 
Helen Buttfield, took her camera along to
this one at Palmerston North. As you can see, some of the rodeo sports 
are very dangerous. This man is "buck-jumping". When the cowboys caught wild horses, they had to tame and train 
them before they could be ridden. A wild
horse hates having a saddle on its back, and will kick and buck to get it 
off. Cowboys would get the horse used to
wearing a saddle, and then would climb on it themselves to train the 
horse for riding. This is how "buck-jumping"
started. The man who can stay on the horse longest wins this contest.
Cowboys also rode wild steers. The animals sometimes get so wild that the 
high fences are really needed to keep the
onlookers safe.
Roping and tying steers and calves for branding at "round-up" time led to 
another rodeo sport.
The man has to ride after a steer let loose from the holding box, lasso it, and tie its feet in the 
shortest possible time.
You can read about a rodeo in the next story: "What Say We .... ?"


