This engraving of the great British sailor, Captain James Cook, shows him studying a map preparing 
for one of his voyages.

Captain Cook Discovers New Zealand
This year, New Zealand will be having an important birthday. In October, it will be 200 years since 
Captain Cook first landed here. He claimed New Zealand for Britain's King, George III, and
raised the British flag for the first time near Gisborne in 1769. Because of this, New Zealand became a British country - that is 
why settlers from England came to live here instead of people from 
other parts of the world.
This model of the Endeavour in the British Maritime Museum shows how Captain- Cook's famous ship 
looked without its sails.
When Captain Cook left England in 1768 in his ship Endeavour, not much was known about the southern 
half of the world. Captain Cook had to take a party into the South Seas, which was what
people called the Pacific Ocean, to study the stars from some of the islands. After that he was told 
to sail as far as he could in the Pacific to try and find if there were any large countries in it.
People in England believed there was a large continent in the South Seas. Captain Cook's journey 
showed that this was not so.
This is the cottage at Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, where Captain James Cook was born in 1728.
Here is Young Nick's Head, near Gisborne. This was the first part of New Zealand to be seen from the 
Endeavour.
After they had finished their work in the islands, Cook had his men sail the Endeavour to the south. 
Early in October of 1769, they thought land must be near because they saw patches of weed
and branches of trees floating in the sea. So a careful watch was kept.
Early in the morning of 7 October, Nicholas Young, one of the ship's boys, was up at the masthead 
when he thought he saw white breakers upon a beach. As the sun rose they saw a large area
of land jutting into the sea.
Because Nicholas Young was the first to have seen it, the headland was called Young Nick's Head. It 
is still called that today, and is just south of Gisborne.
 Captain Cook tried to land and trade with the Maoris who gathered on the beaches, or came around the 
Endeavour in their canoes. But they looked fierce and warlike, and Cook was so
disappointed that he named the place Poverty Bay. Poverty means poor. This turned out to be a rather 
strange name for the place-for Poverty Bay is one of the richest parts of New Zealand. Its
soil is very deep and grows vegetables and fruits that are now used all over the country. Large 
canning works in the district prepare crops for use all over the world, and even fish from the sea add
to Poverty Bay's wealth.
Captain Cook was a very good sailor and mapmaker. He sailed all round the coast of New Zealand on 
that first voyage and made maps of it. His map of New Zealand was a very good one, as you
will see from the picture of it on page 2.
There are two bad mistakes in it. Banks Peninsula, near Christchurch, is shown as an island, while 
Stewart Island is joined to the South Island. It took Captain Cook six months to sail around
New Zealand. But he was able to show that it was a group of islands and not a large land mass like Africa or 
America.
The glass and spoon used by Cook on the Endeavour. They are now in the Dominion Museum in Wellington.
Captain Cook's telescope, or "spyglass" (above), is also in the Dominion Museum.
The instrument below, called a Dip Circle, is in the National Museum in London. It was used to help navigate the ship.
Above is the Cook Memorial near Gisborne. It was here that Captain Cook first set foot on New Zealand soil.

Can You Tell the Time?
One day, a boy in a Wellington Standard One class suddenly sat up in his desk while the class was 
talking about
clocks, and said: "Telling the time is just the same as knowing your five times table."
Do you see what he meant ?
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
5 x 10 = 50
5 x 11 = 55
5 x 12 = 60

Why is it important to tell the time ? Do you know how people told the time before they had clocks ?

About Time and Clocks
The early Egyptians used a water clock to tell the time. This was made of a large stone jar with 
measuring lines
drawn around the inside. It was filled with water, which dripped out of a small hole near the bottom, 
and the owner
was able to measure time by how long it took the
water to run away.
Sand glasses, or hour glasses, were another way of measuring time. These can still be bought in shops 
for use as
egg-timers. When the sand runs to the bottom, the glass is turned upside-down and it takes the same 
time to run
back to the other end.
King Alfred is said to have marked a candle into equal divisions of about an inch each. This was his 
way of telling
time.
From very early times men knew roughly how much of the day was passing by watching the sun and the 
length of its
shadow. They learned to make sundials to tell the time by.
None of these "clocks" was very good, because none of them kept telling the time all the time.
It wasn't until someone had first of all invented wheels and pendulums and springs that it was 
possible to make
clocks that worked on their own.
Clocks are not only useful things - they have interesting shapes and can be used to help decorate 
rooms, buildings,
and even gardens. There is a big floral clock outside the Wellington Town Hall. There is another very 
good one on the
Marine Parade at Napier. Do you know of others ?
The hands of a floral clock are really long boxes in which gardeners plant flowers. The figures are 
also made of
different flowers. The clock's machine
is buried underground in the middle of the clock face.
The machine on this page is a sunlight recorder. It is kept at the Weather Office in Wellington. It 
is used to tell how
many hours of bright sunlight the city has every day. Sunlight strikes through a glass in the bowl 
part at the bottom,
and makes a burn-mark on a strip of paper fixed to a clock. The paper moves around each hour, and the 
burnmark
shows how many hours of sunlight there have been.

How Cape Kidnappers Was Named
Cape Kidnappers, in Hawke's Bay, is one of the world's most famous gannet sanctuaries. Visitors can only go there
with special guides who make sure that the birds nesting there are not disturbed. Cape Kidnappers was given its
name by Captain Cook on his first visit to New Zealand in 1769.
The watercolour painting of Captain Cook's landing at Poverty Bay, at the top of this page, was done by the English artist, E. G. 
Temple, in 1869.
After his first landing in Poverty Bay, where he found the Maoris unfriendly, Cook sailed the Endeavour south into
Hawke's Bay, looking for fresh water to fill the ship's barrels.
When the Endeavour was off the Cape, some canoes came alongside, and one of the natives offered to exchange
with Cook a black dog-skin robe for some red cloth. One of the people on the Endeavour was a man from Tahiti,
named Tupaea. (This name is pronounced Too-pah-ya.) He had
with him a boy from Tahiti named Tiata (Tee-arta), who was Tupaea's servant. Some of the Maoris 
thought that Tiata
was one of their own people who had been taken by Captain Cook from one of the tribes up north. So 
they grabbed
the boy, pushed him into the canoe, and made off with him. Shots were fired at the canoe, and the 
noise frightened
the Maoris. At that moment, Tiata jumped into the sea, and swam off. A boat was lowered from the 
Endeavour, and
Tiata was picked up.
Stealing children is known as kidnapping, so Captain Cook named the cape, Cape Kidnappers.
The Cape is difficult to get to by land, for the country is very rough in those parts. Visitors who 
want to photograph the
gannets usually have to wait for low tides and walk around the coast. It is a 10-mile walk.
But last year some men in Napier got the idea of opening a bus tour to Cape Kidnappers. They got the 
farmers who
own the land around the Cape to let them cut a rough road across the hills. They bought an army 
truck, painted it up,
and put a hood and curtains on it.
Cape Kidnappers, the gannet sanctuary, was
given its name by Captain Cook.
It was called the "Gannet Safari". Safari is an African word and means hunting party.
The truck looks rather like the kind of open truck-used on African safaris. Now it is possible to 
travel overland to Cape
Kidnappers for a visit. People who were once too old to walk around the coast can now make the 4 ½ -hour journey on the 
"Gannet Safari".

Small canoes around the Endeavour in 1769.
A Maori war canoe of the kind that Captain Cook often saw on the East Coast. Some of the canoes were nearly as long as Cook's 
own ship and  could hold 80 or 100 men.

About Hedgehogs
Hedgehogs do not belong in New Zealand, though
there are different kinds of hedgehog all over the
world. The first hedgehogs were brought to this
country from England in 1870, and others were
brought here in 1885 and 1892.
The first settlers wanted hedgehogs because they
eat grubs and insects in the garden. Hedgehogs are
therefore thought to be useful because they eat
garden pests. They will eat snails, worms, wood-lice, caterpillars, spiders, lizards – even frogs, birds
and mice. But they probably don't eat many mice,
unless they find a dead one, for a mouse is very
quick and hedgehogs are much slower.
Hedgehogs have their young about twice a year.
Sometimes there will be as many as four or five
young ones in a nest. The baby hedgehog is soft
and white all over - even its quills. These get
darker as the baby grows. Most hedgehogs aren't
really as dark in colour as they may seem, for they
are really dirty little animals. This is because they
root around in hedges or at the roots of plants
snuffling out their food. They aren't very fond of
water or the damp, so they have little chance of
ever getting clean.
They will walk across a dewy lawn looking for
food, but they take care to build their nests in dry
places.
The mother hedgehog doesn't like the young
ones hanging about the nest, and she chases them
out to look after themselves as soon as they are old
enough. Hedgehogs have to start looking after
themselves early in life. They must eat as much as
they can in the good weather to build up plenty
of fat. This is because in colder climates, hedgehogs hibernate during the winter. This means that they go into a special
kind of deep sleep till the warm weather comes. They can't go out and hunt food while they're asleep. 
They keep alive
on the fat of their own bodies. As they are not moving about, using up energy, they don't need much 
to keep them
alive.
In New Zealand, hedgehogs don't have to hibernate for very long, only in short spells between June 
and September.
That is because our winter is not so long, or so cold, as in the countries from which they first 
came. When a
hedgehog hibernates, the warmth of its body drops down very low, and it takes some hours for it to 
reach the stage of
deep sleep that is hibernation. It takes them even longer to wake up - sometimes 12 hours or more. They gradually begin to 
uncoil from the tight ball they roll into to sleep. The first thing that happens then is that their noses start to run. Hedgehogs 
usually have damp noses. And then they begin to move weakly about, and start looking for their first food.
Hedgehogs have about 16,000 spikes on their backs. The ones on top are very stiff, but down near the legs they are more like 
hard hairs. These spikes are fitted into a hard muscle that covers the hedgehog's back. When it coils up, this very 
hard muscle makes
the spikes stand upright so that the hedgehog's enemies can't get at it.
It used to be thought that hedgehogs ate hen's eggs, but some have been kept in cages with eggs, and 
it has been
found that eggs are too big and too hard for hedgehogs to crack. If they found the smaller eggs of other ground birds in the grass, 
they would easily enough be able to eat them.

Cook's drawing of Tolaga Bay shows the rocks which he named "The Haystacks".
Captain Cook at Tolaga Bay
Captain Cook's first interest, when the coast of New Zealand had been reached, was to get fresh water 
and green
vegetables aboard the Endeavour for his men.
This was not always easy. If the Maoris were not willing to trade, the Endeavour's crew had to go 
ashore and gather
such plants as wild celery, and fill their water barrels at streams and creeks.
This was always dangerous if the natives did not seem friendly.
Water barrels were taken ashore at Tolaga Bay and filled there. The surf was so high at the time, 
that the filled water
barrels could not be taken back to the Endeavour in the longboats. They had to be dragged through the 
surf on ropes
and chains before they could be taken aboard. Captain Cook himself made a drawing of this.
A large point of land juts out into the water at the south end of Tolaga Bay. It separates Tolaga Bay 
from Cook's Cove,
where the Endeavour anchored.
This photo shows how those rocks look today.
Sea water had washed out a hole in the cliff here, and a tunnel had been made, which men could walk through from
Cook's Cove to Tolaga Bay. It can still be seen today, though often the high tides fill it with driftwood and rubbish.
Today, the hills around Tolaga Bay and Cook's Cove are bare and grassed, where sheep graze on them.
In Cook's time, as the drawings show, the hills were covered in bush. A wharf juts out into Tolaga Bay close to the
cliff with the archway in it. It is not used anymore, but years ago farmers loaded their meat and wool from it on to
boats that took it to other parts of New Zealand.

ABOVE: The arched rock at Tolaga Bay, showing a Maori carrying a long bird-spear. Perhaps you can find out how those spears 
were used.
The wharf at Tolaga Bay.
A modern view of the arched rock.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The modern photographs of Tolaga Bay are supplied by the Gisborne Herald. Cook's drawing and the drawing of the arched rock 
are used with the permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.

Our Daily Bread
In some parts of the world, rice is the most important kind of food. It is used to go with most other 
things, and,
because it is cheaper than meat, to make a meal bigger and more satisfying. To us, bread is probably 
the most
important item. Just think of how many uses it has, and of how many
things it goes with.
Bakers work all night making bread for people everywhere, and when weekend holidays are due they 
sometimes work
all round the clock, for 24
hours, to make enough bread.
First of all, the dry things from which bread is made - flour, lard, salt, yeast and sugar - are put into a large vat like a cake mixer, 
Water is added, and then the mixing arm moves up and down while the bowl turns around. It 
takes about
20 minutes to mix the dough properly.
It is then put in bowls to rise just as it was in the story, "The Dough That Wouldn't Stop Rising". 
This allows air to get
into the bread and make it soft. Otherwise it might bake hard like a brick. It is the yeast which 
makes the dough rise
and this takes about two hours.
The dough is then weighed in loaf-sized pieces, and moulded by hand. This makes sure that more air gets into the loaves and 
keeps them light.
Bread is made in all shapes and sizes.
is
Here is a baker making a fancy twist-loaf. He lays out two narrow strips of dough first, then knots them into a fancy roll. 
The strips will all cook together in a loaf.
The man above is putting the finishing touches on rye loaves. Rye is a special kind of grain and makes a course brown loaf. It has 
a taste all of its own, and usually has a shiny coating or glaze.
When all that has been done the loaves are put into trays and then the big electric ovens. They come out crisp and brown and 
have a wonderful smell. 
Bread takes about half-an-hour to cook in
these ovens.
And then, into vans, and into the shops, goes the bread for all the families of the city. Thursday is 
the busy day each week for bakers. Then they have to bake enough bread for the
weekend shoppers on Friday. On Thursdays, bakers start
work at seven o clock in the  morning, and sometimes don't finish till four o'clock next afternoon.
Most bakeries today use machines to do the work
of mixing, weighing and moulding. These photographs were taken in a Wellington bakery. It is the last bakery in the city to make 
bread by hand. Many people believe hand-made bread is better than that made by machines.

Captain Cook at Ship's Cove
Wooden ships like Captain Cook's Endeavour took a lot of looking after. The bodies of the ships, and the masts, were made of 
wood, and in fierce storms the masts would often snap. A few spare masts and crossbeams were
carried on the decks of the ships, but usually, if a mast broke, the captain would try to get his ship to the nearest
land and look for a tall tree that would make a mast.
The hulls of the ships needed caring for too.
Barnacles and weeds would grow on them after they had been in sea water for some time. This often made the ships
difficult to steer, and also made them slower in getting through the water.
If the weeds and barnacles were left to grow for too long, the wood of the hull under them could start to rot. Every now
and again, wise captains would "beach" their ships during a long voyage.
Opposite page: Captain Cook's Endeavour beached.
Below: The memorial at Ship's Cove where the Endeavour was beached for cleaning.
This means that the crew would haul the ship on to the beach, make it secure with cables, and scrape 
off all the
weeds and shells growing on the hull.
To be able to do this, a place had to be found with deep water close enough to the shore to allow bigger ships to be pulled out of 
the sea.
Captain Cook found such a place at Queen Charlotte Sound, in Marlborough, and the little bay in which his ships were repaired 
was called Ship's Cove.
One of Cook's artists, John Webber, drew this picture of Maoris at Ship's Cove on one of the famous sailor's visits to New 
Zealand.
A view of Ship's Cove today.
Cook visited it on each of his three voyages to New Zealand, and found the Maoris there very friendly.
Today, there is a memorial at Ship's Cove, marking the spot where the Endeavour used to be pulled 
ashore for
cleaning.
Our first picture, showing the Endeavour "beached", was actually made on the Australian coast, but it 
shows how the
ship was taken ashore and made secure for cleaning.
A photograph of a modern Maori girl taken at Rotorua. The costume she is wearing is very much like the clothes worn in the 
drawing made in Cook's time.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The drawings of the Endeavour and the Maoris at Ship's Cove are used with the permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, 
Wellington. The photos of Ship's Cove and the Maori girl in costume are supplied by the National Publicity Studios.

Things Grow From Seeds 
Nearly all living things grow from seeds. There are many different kinds of seeds. In the plant world, different plants
use many different ways of sending their seeds to places where they will grow.
Here is a pine cone. The pine tree's seeds grow in the cracks between the different sections of the 
cone. When the
cone is old and ripe, like this one, it bursts open and the seeds fall out. But they don't fall 
straight to the ground.
Each seed has a little wing, or sail, on it, and gets blown by the wind to a place some
distance from the tree on which it grew.
Thistles and dandelions also use the wind to spread their seeds. These seeds do not have a little 
wing, but a fluffy
kind of parachute that takes them up in the air on the breeze. Here is a clematis. You can see its 
fluffy flowers getting
its seeds ready to be sent off.
Some trees grow catkins - a cluster of seeds on a long kind of pod. Birds peck out these seeds and drop them in laces where they 
are likely to grow.
Plants use animals and people to carry their seeds to good growing places. Fruits like apples, oranges and tamarillos (or tree 
tomatoes) have their seeds spread in this way.
Most plants that have fruits or berries rely on birds, animals and people to do this work for them. 
That's why berries
are often gaily coloured. Birds are attracted to the plant by the gay colours, thinking that what 
they find there will be
good to eat.
Here is a walnut. It could float if it fell into the water. Some trees that grow nuts - like the coconut palm - use water to send their 
seeds to different places. The nuts drop into the sea and get washed ashore when the tide comes back in
Peanuts grow underground like potatoes.
Some plants explode to scatter their seeds. Beans twist up as they grow older, and then their seams split, and the seeds are 
scattered on the ground. Gorse and lupin pods burst in the heat. That is why these plants always grow in thick clusters on 
hillsides and riverbanks. Seeds cannot spread very far when 
they are sown in
this way.
The flax (left) is another plant which grows its seeds in pods.
Some plants - especially flowers - have bulb roots which form other bulbs alongside them as they grow. 
This is why daffodils also grow in clumps.
Not all bulb plants grow in this way. The onion is a bulb, but when it gets ripe it grows a cluster of seeds at the top of its green 
leaves, which looks something like the head of a thistle.
Pumpkins and gourds have their seeds inside the heavy vegetable part. This would have to rot into the ground before the seeds 
could start growing.
Some plants - like strawberries and some carnations - send out shoots along the ground. Every now and again, roots grow from 
the shoot, and start to take food from the earth. Whenever this happens, a new plant grows.
Look around the garden at home, or at school, and see if you can tell how the plants in it spread their seeds.


